Gay Berlin

Starred review from September 29, 2014
History professor Beachy’s purpose, “to historicize the invention of the homosexual and place this sexual identity firmly within the German milieu in which it appeared,” is achieved in this erudite work that traces the emergence of gay identity and sexual orientation to German—specifically Berlin—culture at the turn of the 20th century. Beachy relates the contributions of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, “arguably the first man in modern history to acknowledge openly his sexual attraction to other men”; Richard von Kraft-Ebbing, a leading sexologist in the late 19th century; and Karl Kertbeny, who is credited with coining the neologism Homosexualität (homosexuality) in the mid-19th century. Particular attention is paid to the work of Magnus Hirschfeld, whose “true genius” was “combining almost seamlessly his science and activism.” Beachy also covers the activities of Berlin-
based organizations such as the Scientific-
Humanitarian Committee, the world’s first homosexual rights organization. This lucidly written narrative includes enough spice (accounts of scandals, secret identities, and crimes) to draw in a general readership. However, Beachy’s deeply researched, carefully structured book is foremost an impressive piece of scholarship.

October 15, 2014
An elucidating, somewhat startling study of how early German tolerance and liberalism encouraged homosexual expression.Anti-sodomy laws were unevenly applied in the German confederation of states before imperial unification in 1871. In this singular, persuasive work, Beachy (Goucher Coll.; Soul of Commerce: Credit, Property, and Politics in Leipzig, 1750-1840, 2005, etc.) traces the legal and medical precedents to increased tolerance of same-sex love, especially in Berlin before 1933. Despite the recommendation by medical experts against the archaic anti-sodomy statue (they argued that "male-male sexual relations" were "no more injurious than other forms [of illicit sexuality]"), the law was upheld in the Prussian-led unification, largely due to a horrific assault in the Invalidenpark, which swayed public opinion. Nonetheless, a lawyer who had been advocating for same-sex rights through his writings, first anonymously and under threat of scandal, then by his real name, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, momentously addressed the Association of Jurists in Munich in 1867, protesting the anti-sodomy laws. Part of the stupendous reach of Ulrichs' writings on homosexuals was due to the lax censorship laws of the Leipzig publishers, "who dominated the German-language book trade." Ulrichs' work would later inspire Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld in the founding of the Scientific Humanitarian Committee in Berlin-what Beachy calls the first homosexual rights organization. Moreover, in Berlin, the police commissioner Leopold von Meerscheidt-Hullessem took a rather laissez faire enforcement policy toward what came to be at century's end a proliferation of homosexual bars and drag costume balls ("homosexual" being a neologism coined by another German journalist and activist, Karl-Maria Kertbeny in 1869). These events were often used for tours so that the city became a kind of "laboratory of sexuality." Beachy looks at the roles of blackmail and criminality, the rise of homoerotic youth groups in Weimar Germany and an accompanying anti-Semitic reaction. A brave new work of compelling research.

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Starred review from October 15, 2014

Beachy's (history, Goucher Coll.; The Soul of Commerce) splendid new book starts with a history of the early days of the 19th-century investigations into sexual diversity in the German capital. Following this are sections devoted to early movements for homosexual liberation and a scandal close to the monarchy of Wilhelm II, in which members of his staff were falsely labeled by the press as homosexual and subsequently banned from court. Beachy details the launch of Der Eigene, the world's first gay publication in 1896; the late-night same-sex costume balls that permeated Berlin in the early 1900s; and the frequent blackmailing of politicians and industrialists by those seeking to make a quick fortune. Among those mentioned is Friedrich Alfred Krupp, a prominent steel manufacturer who committed suicide after local newspapers named his alleged male companions. Other chapters are devoted to the various aspects of the important Weimar era (the city was the focal point for notables in the German Enlightenment) covering sexual tourism in Berlin, the struggles for legal reform, and the complex relationship between anti-Semitism and homosexual activism. The epilog reminds us of the bone-chilling Nazi era. VERDICT The book is accessibly written and will interest both academic and general readers interested in political science, gay rights, and German history. Highly recommended.--David Azzolina, Univ. of Pennsylvania Libs., Philadelphia

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